In doing so, it could be shown for the first time that intelligence is inversely related to the number of dendrites connecting cortical neurons.

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The respective results could be confirmed by a large independent data set from the Human Connectome Project. According to these findings, intelligent brains are characterized by a slim but efficient circuitry between its cortical neurons, enabling high cognitive performance with neuronal activity remaining as low as possible.

Diffusion markers of dendritic density and arborization in gray matter predict differences in intelligence. Nature Communications, 9 1 , The phylogenetic position of crocodilians in relation to birds and mammals make them an interesting animal model to investigate the evolution of sensory systems in vertebrates.

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An appropriate, non-invasive method that can be utilized in such studies is fMRI. An international group of researchers from the Biopsychology Department and the School of Anatomical Science at the University of the Witwatersrand South Africa now employed fMRI, never previously tested in poikilotherms, to investigate crocodilian telencephalic sensory processing. Juvenile Crocodylus niloticus were placed in a 7T MRI scanner and BOLD signal changes were recorded during the presentation of visual flickering light at Hz and auditory simple: chords centered around or Hz, and complex: classic music stimuli.

Our findings confirm that the majority of activated regions to both visual and auditory stimuli parallel what has been described for mammalian and avian sensory pathways, indicating conserved sensory processing principles among amniotes. The application of fMRI to ectothermic vertebrates provides an avenue for the application of this method to future functionally related brain research in a broader spectrum of vertebrate species.

Behroozi, M. Functional MRI in the Nile crocodile: a new avenue for evolutionary neurobiology. B, , For some decades, single gene explanations have been the most popular models for the ontogenesis of handedness. However, molecular genetic studies revealed only few specific genes exerting small influences on the phenotype. Moreover, non-genetic factors like birth complications and maternal health problems during pregnancy have often been associated with an increased probability of left-handed offspring.

Recent research indicates that asymmetric DNA methylation and gene expression in the human fetal CNS contribute to the development of hemispheric asymmetries. Here, a group of researchers from the Biopsychology and the Genetic Psychology Department analyzed DNA methylation in promoter regions of candidate genes for handedness in adult left- and right-handers to investigate whether epigenetic biomarkers of handedness can be identified in non-neuronal tissue.

We found that DNA methylation patterns in genes asymmetrically expressed in the fetal CNS predicted handedness direction. We propose that an integration of genes and environment is essential to fully comprehend the ontogenesis of handedness. DNA methylation in candidate genes for handedness predicts handedness direction. Cognitive control processes play an essential role not only in controlling actions but also in guiding attentional selection processes.

In this study, a team of reseachers from Bochum, Bergen and Dresden investigated whether neurobiological mechanisms that affect functional cerebral asymmetries will also modulate cognitive control. Using the Dichotic smartphone app, the research team investigated the association of genetic variation in the handedness-associated gene LRRTM1 and cognitive control in the dichotic listening task.

The results show that functional cerebral asymmetries in the language domain are associated with the rs LRRTM1 polymorphism when cognitive control and top-down attentional mechanisms modulate processes in bottom-up attentional selection processes that are dependent on functional cerebral asymmetries. The results suggest that cognitive control processes are an important factor to consider when being interested in the genetics of hemispheric asymmetries.

Beste, C. Cognitive control processes and functional cerebral asymmetries: association with variation in the handedness-associated gene LRRTM1.

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Molecular neurobiology, 55 3 , Humans select their partners based on a wide variety of factors; their looks, how much money they have on the bank, or a funny personality. For songbirds, it is all about song. Despite its crucial role in mate choice, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the accurate interpretation of courtship song in females.

Females were exposed to either the longer, faster, and more stereotyped courtship song or a neutral song, and this revealed two brain regions, the Mesopallium caudomediale CMM and the Nidopallium caudocentrale NCC , that specifically become active when listening to the mating song.

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The CMM is a well-known auditory area sensitive to differences in tempo. Since a fast pace is a hallmark of the male courtship song, this was not a very surprising result. This area integrates complex auditory information with sexual imprinting memory of what is desirable of a song. Moreover, the NCC projects to the arcopallium, which is important for coordinating movement. Thus, the NCC is well suited to evaluate the attractiveness of a song and in response coordinate courtship behavior; like calling back to a desirable mate.

This study is the first to show the important role of limbic pathways in the evaluation of courtship song and ultimately mate choice of female zebra finches. Current Biology, 28 5 , Since the day of his defense fell on Valentine's Day , Patrick showed his love for science by giving the captivated audience a very well received presentation on the triadic model and all the experiments he performed to prove it.

After starting in , Patrick has used an impressive methodological array from EEG to fMRI and NODDI imaging to investigate hemispheric asymmetries and interhemispheric interaction and yielded some fascinating insights that he presented in the 25 minute talk. During the subsequent discussion, Patrick was able to answer even the most difficult questions on NODDI imaging and its validation. Obviously, the committee unanimously decided that he had passed. It was decided to award him the prestigous grade of a Dr. Relived, Patrick was presented his PhD hat, inspired by his love for chess and coffee he has drunken approximately cups during his PhD.

Even her old Master thesis advisor Miko Colombo had taken all the way from New Zealand for that occasion. But Charlotte is worth it. For sure. In her experimental work she had managed to give the meanwhile long established categorization research in pigeons a completely new direction. Charlotte could demonstrate that we should not look for exemplar or prototype cells in vain but should look for the wisdom of the population code.

This provides a completely new way of looking at categorization processes. And she had introduced a novel tool, digital embryos, that is now the trademark of the whole SFB What a success story! The IGSN ceremony was beautiful. Only Onur had his usual bad hair day. But nobody saw that since all eyes were spot on Charlotte. As it is well known to the avian scientific community, a small sector in the avian posterior ventral telencephalon encompasses inextricably intertwined subnuclei which are identified as being of amygdaloid amygdala or of somatomotor arcopallium nature.

Within the SFB , we scrutinized the functional roles of the avian amygdala and the premotor arcopallium in the course of appetitive extinction learning. Since extinction learning is crucially involved in the ability to flexibly acclimatize to the incessantly changing environment which is indispensable for the survival of living organisms, it is of great importance to comprehend the invariant properties of the neural basis of extinction learning. Therefore, we recruited pigeons as our animal model and locally blocked the NMDARs in the avian amygdala and the arcopallium prior to extinction training.

We found out that the encoding of extinction memory entailed the activation of amygdaloid NMDARs, while the arcopallial NMDARs were engaged in the consolidation and subsequent retrieval of extinction memory. Furthermore, rendering inactivation in the premotor arcopallium also prompted a general perturbation in the motoric output. The double dissociation between arcopallium and amygdala discerned in the study imparts new insights on the two key components of the avian extinction network.

Importantly, the resemblance of our results to the data procured from mammals indicates a shared neural mechanism underlying extinction learning moulded by evolution. NMDA receptors in the avian amygdala and the premotor arcopallium mediate distinct aspects of appetitive extinction learning.

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Behavioural Brain Research , January , 71— The book is also a resource for scientists who would like to find a timely overview on different aspects of lateralization with hundreds of references. Last but not least, this book tries to achieve a change of mind in the area of brain asymmetry research.

For too long, this field saw itself outside of neurobiology, outside of the animal kingdom, and outside of a serious evolutionary scope. By embedding asymmetry research in these areas, this book works for a kind of science on left-right differences that thrieves for mechanistic explanations of open questions. And in the very end, it was also fun to write it; Sort of. Reptiles and birds are a fascinating group of animals that is most critical to understanding the evolution of vertebrate brains. Birds, who are in fact living dinosaurs, are the only class of vertebrates that can rival mammals with respect to their cognitive abilities.

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And they do so with brains that are vastly different from ours. This book chapter that was written by biopsychologists from Bochum reviews what we know about reptilian and avian brains in terms of quantitative analyses, structures, and systems. Brains evolved to produce behavior. Therefore, all anatomical and physiological information in this chapter is embedded into a functional framework and provides a rich summary on the current knowledge on archosaur brains.

The Brains of Reptiles and Birds. In: Kaas, J ed. Oxford: Elsevier. We argue that incentive motivation, a dopamine-dependent process that in vertebrates makes rewards and their predictive conditioned stimuli attractive, has behavioral effects that may favor their occurrence: incentive motivation is higher when food is unpredictable and it strongly underpins foraging activity.

Our results suggest that they are produced more often under an unpredictable than a predictable food access, and more often in strongly rather than weakly motivated foragers exposed to an unpredictable food access. Behavioural Processes, , You think that the mammalian amygdala is complex?

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Then come and see the bird version. Here, a bewildering number of limbic amygdala and premotor arcopallium subnuclei are interwoven on smallest conceivable space. Their approach not only revealed newly discovered subregions but also resulted in a novel map of this most complex area of the bird pallium and striatum. After having accomplished this, the scientists compare the receptor architecture of the subregions to their possible mammalian counterparts and come to a novel interpretation of many of the scrutinized subregions.

Herold, C.

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