The writings comprise about 50, pages published in about a hundred volumes. In , a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it contained a large number of errors and omissions. Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. In his early years, the former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was a follower of the nonviolent resistance philosophy of Gandhi.

This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela…in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started.

In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on nonviolence. Obama in September said that his biggest inspiration came from Gandhi. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics. A significant strand of Christian tradition regards Gandhi as a saint. Already in , Baptist preacher Joseph J. Doke described his spiritual experience Gandhi in saintly terms in a book which received little attention.

Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in The Government of India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. In , Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize , although he was nominated five times between and , including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee , [] though he made the short list only twice, in and Gandhi campaigned with nonviolent resistance , leading to the independence of India.

His activities sparked freedom movements where people across the world fought for their civil rights. On Aug. Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. Anti-Gandhi themes have also been showcased through films and plays. The film, Gandhi, My Father was inspired on the same theme. Among them are D. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power.

There are three temples in India dedicated to Gandhi. The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation ; [1] the rise of Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism ; [2] [3] the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than three millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dominions during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; [4] [5] the advent of European traders and privateers , resulting in the establishment of British India ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

Archaeological evidence of anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be as old as 73,, years [7] with some evidence of early hominids dating back to about , years ago. The era saw the composition of the Vedas , the seminal texts of Hinduism, coalesce into Janapadas monarchical, state-level polities , and social stratification based on caste.

The Later Vedic Civilisation extended over the Indo-Gangetic plain and much of the subcontinent, as well as witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas.

During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia Greater India.

The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centred on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire. Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century, most notable being the Chalukya , Chola , Pallava , Chera , Pandyan , and Western Chalukya Empires.

This period also saw the emergence of several powerful Hindu states, notably Vijayanagara , Gajapati , Ahom , as well as Rajput states , such as Mewar. The 15th century saw the advent of Sikhism. The early modern period began in the 16th century, when the Mughals conquered most of the Indian subcontinent. From the late 18th century to the midth century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire.

Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of , after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure, economic decline and major famines. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in , after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.

Archaeological evidence of anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is claimed to be as old as 78,—74, years. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the Palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. The first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 9, years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh , India.

The first urban civilisation of the region began with the Indus Valley Civilisation. The Pashupati seal , showing a seated and possibly tricephalic figure, surrounded by animals. Dholavira , one of the largest cities of Indus Valley Civilisation, with stepwell steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs. Swastika seals of Indus Valley Civilisation.

Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at Lothal. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries which extended into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley, [45] the Ganges-Yamuna Doab , [63] Gujarat , [64] and south-eastern Afghanistan.

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It is also the most expansive in area and population. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira , Kalibangan , Ropar , Rakhigarhi , and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa , Ganeriwala , and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan.

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The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multi-storeyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organisation. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly, and some elements of the Indus Civilisation may have survived, especially in the smaller villages and isolated farms. Linguists hypothesized that Dravidian-speaking people were spread throughout the Indian subcontinent before a series of Indo-Aryan migrations. In this view, the early Indus Valley civilisation is often identified as having been Dravidian.

Bloch and M. Witzel believe that the Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed. The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas , still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit.

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The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period. A steel engraving from the s, which depicts the creative activities of Prajapati , a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life. Iron Age sword, BCE.

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Historians have analysed the Vedas to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain. Early Vedic society is described in the Rigveda , the oldest Vedic text, believed to have been compiled during 2nd millennium BCE, [92] [93] in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas , or social classes.

This social structure was characterised both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, [98] but also eventually by the excluding of some indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure. In the 14th century BCE, [] the Battle of the Ten Kings , between the Puru Vedic Aryan tribal kingdoms of the Bharatas , allied with other tribes of the Northwest India , guided by the royal sage Vishvamitra , and the Trtsu-Bharata Puru king Sudas , who defeats other Vedic tribes—leading to the emergence of the Kuru Kingdom , first state level society during the Vedic period.

During the Late Vedic Period, the kingdom of Videha emerged as a new centre of Vedic culture, situated even farther to the East in what is today Nepal and Bihar state in India ; [97] reaching its prominence under the king Janaka , whose court provided patronage for Brahmin sages and philosophers such as Yajnavalkya , Aruni , and Gargi Vachaknavi.